Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These fluctuations can affect sleep, energy, behavior, judgment, and the ability to think clearly.

During the manic phase, individuals may feel euphoric, unusually energetic, or irritable, and may engage in risky behaviors. In the depressive phase, they may feel sad, hopeless, or lose interest in most daily activities. These mood episodes can last for days, weeks, or even longer and can significantly interfere with daily life.

Common symptoms of Bipolar Disorder include:

Sudden changes in mood, from extreme highs to lows
Increased energy, activity, or restlessness during mania
Rapid speech and racing thoughts
Poor judgment and impulsive decisions
Sleep disturbances — little sleep during mania, excessive sleep during depression
Loss of interest, fatigue, or feelings of worthlessness during depressive episodes
Thoughts of self-harm or suicide in severe cases

Bipolar disorder affects both men and women equally and typically appears in the late teens or early adulthood. The exact cause is unknown, but genetics, brain structure, and environmental factors like trauma or stress may contribute.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder. Diagnosis is made based on clinical history and psychiatric evaluation. Misdiagnosis is common, so it’s important to seek evaluation from a qualified mental health professional.

Treatment usually includes:

Medication: Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or antidepressants
Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy
Lifestyle management: Regular sleep, stress reduction, and support
Education and support for both patients and families

Bipolar Disorder is a lifelong condition, but with proper treatment and management, individuals can lead stable, productive lives. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are key to reducing the frequency and severity of mood episodes.